The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, culture and language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign language are put forward.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

The concept of literacy today, has been transformed from the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen and speak, which only provides the initial aspect of communication, to understand concepts, ideas and thoughts. A "literate" refers to a person who is capable of knowing, understanding, interpreting, constructing, communicating, and using printed and written material in a variety of contexts. Statistics literacy is a very important skill in dealing with data and statistical information that is growing rapidly today. As this basic skill is developed, followed by public demands and the desire to use statistics and statistics to build a better life, it is important to pay attention to this need. As this basic skill is developed, and subsequently, the public demands and desire to use statistics and statistic information to build a better life, meeting this need is important. Therefore, survey as a technique for collecting, converting data into accurate information and reporting requires a general culture. In other word, statistical literacy can grow in a context of public culture that is supported both by surveying and data gathering groups including 'producers', 'consumers' and 'participants', as well as by caring for their transformation and presentation. Accordingly, the present paper attempts to provide a framework in this regard.

Objective The aim of this study, as mixed research, is to analyze and design a model of public service culture. The ultimate goal of conducting this research is to design and evaluate the public service culture model. Methods In the first stage, to identify the components of the public service culture model, the researchers conducted 18 in-depth interviews with connoisseurs, including managers and experts in the research topic, and also reviewed the research literature. At this stage, the thematic analysis method was used. The components of public service culture were extracted and categorized into three main themes, 26 sub-themes, and 201 concept codes. A questionnaire related to the components of public service culture was distributed among 392 public and private sector employees to assess the current situation and rank them. Results According to the responses of the participants, the only theme that scored above the average in the component of public service motivation, was “compassion”. Also, in the component of public service values, four themes including “politeness”, “decency”, “benevolence”, “philanthropy” and “God-centeredness” scored above the average. In the component of public service symbol, only the theme of “appearance and clothing” in the current situation scored above the average. The scores of other themes of all three components were lower than the average. Finally, using the collected data, the themes related to each of the components were ranked. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the participants considered the components of good public service culture among employees and public organizations to be weak. This indicates a failure in providing effective services by Iran's public services that are responsible for implementing policies, decisions, and regulations of the public sector.

Introduction: Social responsibility from an ethical point of view includes the obligations and duties of natural and legal persons towards society and the environment. The moral behavior of people, like understanding of social responsibility, depends on their liberal ideology, beliefs and human values. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to study the relationship between liberalism and human values with the moral understanding of social responsibility. Material & Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational survey. The statistical population includes the financial managers of the companies admitted to the stock exchange, and the questionnaire was randomly distributed among them and 110 questionnaires were received. The sampling method is random. The research tool is a questionnaire and multivariate regression using SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results: The research results show that human values based on public interest have a significant and positive relationship with the moral understanding of social responsibility. But the thinking of liberalism does not have a meaningful relationship with the moral understanding of social responsibility. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, human values based on public interest can be considered as a tool to strengthen the moral behavior of company managers regarding corporate social responsibility. Also, improving the thinking of liberalism in managers can strengthen their social responsibility. In this case, the policy makers of Stock Exchange can direct the managers of the listed companies to comply more with the social responsibility of the company, through teaching human values and strengthening those values, as well as monitoring the implementation of ethical regulations

This book discuss and define cultural policy in countries such as: America, France and countries with legacy of Coloniality or Internal Coloniality and the Olympics opening ceremony, an internationally recognized platform for a host country to present their national identiy and their cultural policy. The Author use comparative methodology for this research because this method would explain the wide variability in modes of cultural policy as a reflection of broader political ideological and administrative traditions

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the relationship between organizational culture and change management in public libraries of Tehran City using the components of the Denison Model. Achieving this goal, the study seeked to identify the relationship between the mission, adaptability, and alignment components. Ultimately, the research investigated the connection between the involvement in the participatory work component and change management in Tehran public Libraries Foundation.Methods: This research was a quantitative and correlational one. The entire population included all employees of public libraries in the Tehran City institution, totaling about 360 individuals. The sample size, based on Morgan's table, is 186 individuals who were randomly selected using cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 28 questions designed to assess the relationship between organizational culture components and change management in Iran public Libraries Foundation.Findings: The organizational culture dimention, based on the Denison Model components, is deemed acceptable with an average of 3.84. Additionally, there is a significant relationship between the Denison model components (mission, adaptability, alignment, involvement in participatory work) and change management in public library institutions. According to Friedman's ranking test, engage in work has the highest impact on change management with 2.69, surpassing other model components, while mission has the minimal impact on change management with 2.40.Conclusion: The components of involvement in work, adaptability, alignment, and mission of organizational culture, according to the Denison model, have scored higher than average and demonstrated a desirable status in employee change management. So it seems the dominant organizational culture in the studied libraries aligns with Denison's components. Considering the average scores of organizational culture components and change management, and their direct correlation, the results shows organizational culture is a crucial factor in the change process in the studied libraries. To enhance readiness for change in these libraries, it is recommended that organizational culture be prepared for acceptance and alignment with changes through training and the support of senior managers.